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of Clinical
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Optometric Vision Therapy
American Optometric
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Amblyopia
Strabismus Convergence
Accommodation Oculomotor
Perception
Reading and Learning
General References
Amblyopia
(Lazy Eye)
Amos
J. Refractive Amblyopia. In: Amos J ed. Diagnosis and management in vision
care. Boston: Butterworths, 1987:372.
American
Optometric Association. Optometric clinical practice guideline: Care of the
patient with amblyopia. St. Louis: American Optometric Association, 1994:22-3.
Barber
A. Amblyopia literature review. In: Barber A, ed. Vision therapist: amblyopia.
Santa Ana, California: Optometric Extension Program, 1994;34(4):1-16.
Birnbaum
MH, Koslowe K, Sanet R. Success in amblyopic therapy as a function of age. Am
J Optom Physiol Opt 1977;54:268-275.
Bedell
HE, Flom MC. Monocular spatial distortion in strabismic amblyopia. Invest
Ophthalmol Vis Sci 1981;20:26-8.
Blakemore
C, Van Sluyters RC. Experimental analysis of amblyopia and strabismus. Br J
Ophthalmol 1974;58:176-182.
Burian HM. Treatment of
functional amblyopia. Sight-saving Rev 1971;41(2):69-81.
Ciuffreda
KJ. Visual system plasticity in human amblyopia. In: Hilfer SR, Sheffield JB,
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visual system. New York: Springer-Verlag, 1986:211-44.
Ciufredda
KJ, Kenyon RV; Stark L. Abnormal saccadic substitution during small amplitude
pursuit tracking in amblyopic eyes. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 1979;18:506-16.
Ciuffreda
KJ, Kenyon RV; Stark L. Different rates of functional recovery of eye
movements during orthoptics treatment in an adult amblyope. Invest Ophthalmol
Vis Sci 1979; 18:213-9.
Ciuffreda
KJ, Levi DM, Selenow A. Amblyopia: basic and clinical
aspects. Boston: Butterwortb-Heinemann, 1991:64.
CohenAH.
Monocular fixation in a binocular field. J Am Opt Assoc
1981,Oct;52(10):801-06.
Cook
DL. Optometric alternative to amblyopia occlusion therapy. J Optom Vis Dev
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Dell
W. The epidemiology of amblyopia. Probl Optom 1991;3:195-207.
Eibschitz
N, Friedman Z, Neuman E. Comparative results of amblyopia treatment. Metab
Ophthalmol 1978;2:111-2.
Eiden
SB. Vision therapy helps adult amblyopes. Rev Optom 1982,Sept;119(9):62.
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N. Common sense management of amblyopia: Amblyopes are people, not eyes. J
Optom Vis Dev 1995,June;26(2)53-56.
Flom
MC. Issues in the clinical management of binocular anomalies. In Rosenbloom
AA, Morgan MW, eds. Principles and practice of pediatric optometry.
Philadelphia: Lippincott, 1990;219.
Flom
MC. Treatment of binocular anomalies of vision. In Hirsch MJ, Wick RE, eds.
Vision of children. Philadelphia: Chilton, 1963;210-212
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MC, Kirschen DG, Bedell HE. Control of unsteady, eccentric fixation in
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MC, Neumaier RW. Prevalence of amblyopia. Am J Optom Arch Am Acad Optom
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Morgan MW; eds. Principles and practice of pediatric optometry. Philadelphia:
JB Lippincott, 1990:257.
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JT, Cassady JC. Current trends in amblyopia therapy. Ophthalmology
1978;85:428-450.
Francois
J, James M. Comparative study of amblyopic treatment. Am Orthopt J
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RP, Richman JE. Stereopsis in an amblyopic small angle esotrope. J Am Optom
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Garzia,
RP. The efficacy of visual training in amblyopia: A literature review. Am J
Optom Physiol Opt 1987;64:393-404.
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DG. Strabismus and amblyopia. rev. ed, Santa Ana, California: Optometric
Extension Program, 1990.
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LJ, Fletcher MC, Tomlinson E, et al. Results of pleoptic treatment of
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H. The corrective treatment of amblyopia with eccentric fixation. Am J
OphthalmoI 1960;49:1315-21.
Greenwald I. Brock: A binocular
approach to amblyopia therapy. J Optom Vis Dev 1995, June; 26(2):62-67.
Gregersen
E. Occlusion treatment of squint amblyopia in young adults. Acta Ophthalmol
1966;44:166-8.
Haldi
B, Mitchelson JE. Amblyopia therapy: Expected results from standard
techniques. Am Orthopt J 1981;31:19-28.
Ingram
RM, Rogers S, Walker C. Occlusion and amblyopia. Br Orthopt J 1977;34:11-22.
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M, Tomlinson E. A new look at pleoptics. Ophthalmology 1979;86:2112-4.
Kupfer
C. Treatment of amblyopia ex anopsia in adults. Am J Ophthalmol
1957;43:918-22.
Lithander J, Sjöstrand
J. Anisometropic and strabismic amblyopia in the age group 2 years and above:
A prospective study of the results of treatment. Br J Ophthalmol 1991;
75:111-6.
London
R, Silver JL. Diagnosis of amblyopia: Emphasis on nonacuity factors. Problems
in Optometry 1991;3:258-275.
Mayweg S, Massie HH.
A preliminary report of the more recent methods of treatment of amblyopia,
especially when associated with eccentric fixation in cases of strabismus. Br.
J Ophthalmol 1958;42:257-69.
Nawratzki
I. Treatment of amblyopia. Ir J Med Sci 1972; 8:1475-9.
Oliver M,
Neumann R, Chaimovitch Y, et al. Compliance and results of treatment for
amblyopia in children more than 8 years old. Am J Ophthalmol 1986; 102:340-5.
Peli
E. Normal stereo acuity despite anisometropic amblyopia. J Am Optom Assoc
1983;54:919-921.
Porter EE. Treatment
of amblyopia. Am Orthopt J 1962; 12:157.61.
Pratt-Johnson
JA, Tillson G. Management of strabimus and amblyopia: A practical guide.
New York: Thieme Medical Publishers, 1994.
Press
LJ. Amblyopia. J Optom Vis Dev 1988;19:2-15.
Press
LJ. Amblyopia: A Microcosm of Visual Disorders. In: Press LJ. Applied
Concepts in Vision Therapy. St. Louis: Mosby, 1997.
Press
LJ. Amblyopia and strabismus. In: Press L, Moore B, eds. Clinical pediatric
optometry. Boston: Butterworth-Heinemann, 1993:265-73.
Press
LJ. Topical review of the literature: amblyopia. J Optom Vis Devel
1988;19:2-15.
Reinecke
RD, Simons K. A new stereoscopic test for amblyopia screening. Am J Ophthalmol
1974;78:714.
Ross
E, Murray AL, Stead S. Prevalence of amblyopia in grade 1 school children in
Saskatoon. Can J Public Health 1977; 68:491-3.
Rutstein RP,
Fuhr PS. Efficacy and stability of amblyopia therapy. Optom Vis Sci 1992;
69(10):747-54.
Saulles H. Treatment of refractive amblyopia in adults. J Am Optom Assoc 1987;
58(12):959-60.
Schapero
M. Amblyopia. Philadelphia: Chilton, 1971.
Schor
C. A directional impairment of eye movement control in strabismus amblyopia.
Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 1975; 15:692-7.
Schor
CM, Flom MC. Eye position control and visual acuity in strabismus amblyopia.
In: Lennerstrand G, Bach-y-Rita P, Collins CC, et al, eds. Basic mechanisms of
ocular motility and their clinical manifestations. New York: Pergamon Press,
1975.
Selenow
A, Ciufredda KJ. Vision function recovery during orthoptic therapy in an adult
esotropic amblyope. J Am Optom Assoc 1986;57:132-40.
Simmers AJ, Gray LS, McGraw PV,
Winn B. Functional visual loss in amblyopia and the effect of occlusion
therapy. Inv Ophthal Vis Sci 1999; 40(12):2859-71.
Spitzer NC.
Development, regeneration, and plasticity. In: Cohen MJ, Strumwasser F, eds.
Comparative neurobiology: modes of communication in the nervous system. New
York: John Wiley & Sons, 1985.
Sullivan M. Results in the
treatment of anisometropic amblyopia. Orthopt J 1975:37-42.
Von
Noorden GK Occlusion therapy in amblyopia with eccentric fixation, Arch
Ophthalmol 1965;73:776-81.
Von
Noorden GK, Attiah F. Alternating penalization in the prevention of amblyopia
recurrence. Am J Ophthalmol 1986;102:473-5.
Von
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electromyographic study. II. Pursuit movements of amblyopic patients. Am J
Ophthalmol 1962;53:477-87.
Watson PG, Sanac AS, Pickering MS.
A comparison of various methods of treatment of amblyopia: A block study. Tr
Ophthalmol Soc UK 1985; 104:319-28.
Wick B, Wingard M, Cotter S, et al. Anisometropic
amblyopia: Is the patient ever too old to treat? Optom Vis Sci 1992;
69(11):866-78.
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Strabismus
(Crossed, turned, or wandering eyes)
Altizer
LB. The non-surgical treatment of exotropia. Am OrthoptJ 1972;22:71-6.
Bair DR. Symposium:
Intermittent exotropia, diagnosis and incidence. Am Orthoptic J 1952;2:12-17.
Birnbaum MH. Gross
motor control and postural characteristics of strabismic patients. J Am
Optom Assoc 1974;45:686-96.
Blakemore
C, Van Sluyters RC. Experimental analysis of amblyopia and strabismus. Br J
Ophthalmol 1974;58:176-182.
Caloroso
EE. A sequential strategy for achieving functional binocularity in strabismus.
J Am Optom Assoc 1998;59:378-87.
Caloroso
EE, Rouse MW. Clinical management of strabismus. Boston: Butterworth-Heinemann,
1993.
Chryssanthou
G. Orthoptic management of intermittent exotropia. Am OrthoptJ 1974;24:69-72.
Coffey B, Wick B,
Cotter S, et al. Treatment options in intermittent exotropia: A critical
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Colorado
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Consultants, 1985.
Cooper EL, Leyman IA. The management of intermittent exotropia: A comparison
of the results of surgical and non-surgical treatment. Am Orthoptic J
1977;27:61-67.
Cooper J.
Intermittent exotropia of the divergence excess type. J Am Optom Assoc
1977;48:1261-1273.
Cooper J, Medow N.
Major Review: Intermittent exotropia: Basic and divergence excess type. Bin
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Crone RA.
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Ciufredda
KJ, Kenyon RV, Stark L. Saccadic intrusions in strabismus. Arch
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Dale
RT. Fundamentals of ocular motility and strabismus. New York: Grune &
Stratton, 1982.
Daum KM. Equal
exodeviations: Characteristics and results of treatment with orthoptics. Aust
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Day SH, Norcia AM.
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S, Wybar K. Ocular motility and strabismus. In: Duke-Elder S, ed. System
of ophthalmology. Vol. 6. St. Louis: Mosby, 1973.
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G. Strabismus therapy in private practice: Cure rates after three months of
therapy. J Am Optom Assoc 1978; 49:1367-73.
Flax N. The
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N, Duckman RH. Orthoptic treatment of strabismus. J Am Optom Assoc
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Fletcher
CF, Silverman SJ. Strabismus. Part I. A summary of 1110 consecutive cases. Am
J Ophthalmol 1966;61:86-94.
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MC. Issues in the clinical management of binocular anomalies. In: Rosenbloom
AA, Morgan, MW; eds. Principles and practice of pediatric optometry.
Philadelphia: JB Lippincott, 1990.
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MC. Treatment of binocular anomalies of vision. In: Hirsch MJ, Wick RE, eds.
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N. Strabismus diagnosis and prognosis. In: Schor C, Ciuffreda KF, eds.
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JT. Strabismus: A neurodevelopmental approach: Nature's experiment. New York:
Springer-Verlag, 1991.
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Frantz KA. The
importance of multiple treatment modalities in a case of divergence excess. J
Am Optom Assoc 1990; 61(6):457-62.
Garriott RS, Heyman
CL, Rouse MW. Case Report: Role of optometric vision therapy for surgically
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JC, Lindsay J. Orthoptics: a discussion of binocular anomalies. London: The
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JR. Binocular anomalies: procedures for vision therapy. 2nd ed. Chicago:
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L, Cohen AH, Feuer G, et al. Effectiveness of optometric therapy for
strabismus in a private practice. Am J Optom Arch Am Acad Optom 1970;47:990-5.
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AE, Kertesz J. Wide-field stimulation in strabismus. AmJ Optom Physiol Opt
1986;63:217-22.
Krumholtz I, FitzGerald DE.
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W. Management of infantile strabismus: research issues and standards of care.
J Optom Vis Devel 1993:24:8-14.
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WM. Orthoptic treatment of strabismus. Am J Optom Arch Am Acad Optom
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WM, Kleinman BI. The long range results of orthoptic treatment of strabismus.
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LG. Guiding strabismus therapy. Santa Ana, California: Vision Extension,
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D. Binocular vision anomalies. London: Butterworths, 1984.
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JA, Tillson G. Management of strabimus and amblyopia: A practical guide.
New York: Thieme Medical Publishers, 1994.
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LJ. Challenging the Adaption. In:
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Convergence
Dysfunctions (Eye Teaming Disorders)
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1993.
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Efficacy of vision therapy for convergence insufficiency in an adult male
population. J Am Optom Assoc 1999; 70(4):225-32.
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coordination as a factor in reading achievement. J Am Optom Assoc
1968;39:48-56.
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HM, Von Noorden GK. Binocular vision and ocular motility, 3rd ed. St. Louis:
CV Mosby, 1985.
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A. Vergence facility:
developmental trends in a school age population.
Am J Optom Physiol Opt 1986;63:351-5.
Ciuffreda
KJ. Components of clinical near vergence testing. J BehavOptom 1992;3:3-13.
Clark
B. Additional data on binocular imbalance and reading. J Educ Psych
1936;27:530-38.
Cohn
AH, Soden R. Effectiveness of visual therapy for convergence insufficiencies
for an adult population. J Am Optom Assoc 1984;55:491-494.
Cooper
J. Review of computerized orthoptics with specific regard to convergence
insufficiency. Am J Optom Physiol Opt 1988;65:455-63.
Cooper
J, Duckman R. Convergence insufficiency: incidence, diagnosis, and treatment.
J Am Optom Assoc 1978;49:673-80.
Cooper
J, Feldman J. Operant conditioning of fusional convergence ranges using random
dot stereograms. Am J Optom Physiol Opt 1980;57:205-13.
Cooper
J, Selenow A, Ciuffreda KJ, et al. Reduction of asthenopia in patients with
convergence insufficiency after fusional vergence training. Am J Optom Physiol
Opt 1983;60:982-9.
Capobianco
M. The subjective measurement of
the near point of convergence and its significance in the diagnosis of
convergence insufficiency. Am Orthoptics J. 1952;2:40-42.
Dalziel
CC. Effect of vision training on
patients who fail Sheard’s criterion. Am J Optom Physiol Opt
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KM. The course and effect of visual training on the vergence system. Am J
Optom Physiol Opt 1982;59: 223-7.
Daum
KM. Convergence insufficiency. Am J Optom Physiol Opt 1984;61:16-22.
Daum
KM. Classification criterion for success in the treatment of convergence
insufficiency. Am J Optom Physiol Opt 1984; 61: 10- 5.
Daum
KM. A comparison of the results of tonic and phasic training on the vergence
system. Am J Optom Physiol Opt 1983;60:769-75.
Davis
CE. Orthoptics treatment in convergence insufficiency.
J Can Med Assoc. 1956;55:47-49.
Delgadillo
HM, Griffin JR. Vergence facility and associated symptoms. J Behav Optom
1992;3:91-4.
The
efficacy of optometric vision therapy. 1986/87 AOA Future of Visual
Development/Performance Task Force. J
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Ficarra AP, Berman J,
Rosenfield M, Portello JK. Vision training: predictive factors for success in
visual therapy for patients with convergence excess. J Optom Vis Dev 1996;
27:213-9.
Flom
MC. Treatment of binocular
anomalies of vision. IN: Hirsh MJ,
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Clinton, 1963.
Fowler
MS. Binocular control in dyslexics. In: Stein JF; ed. Vision and visual
dyslexia. Boston: CRC Press, 1991;141-6.
France
LW. The role of orthoptic therapy in exodeviations: a basis for orthoptic
referral. Am Orthoptic J 1992,Oct:42(1):52-64.
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68(2):81-6.
Garzia RP, Nicholson SB. Binocular
accommodative and vergence facility and predictive analysis of global
stereopsis. J Behav Optom
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Griffin
JR. Binocular anomalies: procedures for vision therapy. 2nd ed. Chicago:
Professional Press, 1982.
Griffin
JR. Efficacy of vision therapy for non-strabismic vergence anomalies.
Am J Optom Physiol Opt 1987;64:11-14.
Griffin
JR. Ranges in vergence testing. Optom Monthly 1981;72:30-1.
Grisham
J. The dynamics of fusional vergence eye movements in binocular dysfunction.
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Grisham
J. Treatment of binocular dysfunction. In: Schor C, Ciuffreda KJ, eds.
Vergence eye movements. Boston: Butter- worths, 1983:605-46.
Grisham
JD. Visual therapy results for convergence insufficiency: a literature review.
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Grisham
JD, Bowman MC, Owyang LA, et al. Vergence
orthoptics: Validity and persistence of the training effect.
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DA. Ocular Accommodation, Convergence, and Fixation Disparity: A Manual of
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Hikoda
SC. General binocular dysfunctions in an urban optometry clinic. J Am Optom
Assoc 1985;56:560-563.
Hoffman
L, Cohen A, Feuer G. Effectiveness of non-strabismic optometric vision
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Koslowe
KC. Binocular vision, coding tests and classroom achievement. J Behav Optom
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I, Molinari J. Convergence
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Norse
MS. Convergence insufficiency: Incidence
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Pantano FM.
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Am Orthopt J 1982; 32:73-80.
Pickwell LD. Binocular Vision
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Pickwell
LD, Dorth, Stephens LC. Inadequate
convergence. Brit J Physiol
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Pickwell
LD, Hampshire R. The significance of inadequate convergence.
Ophthalmic Physiol Opt 1981;1:13-18.
Prakash
P, Agarwal L, Nag S. Accommodational weakness and convergence insufficiency.
Orient Arch Ophthalmol 1972;10:261-4.
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LJ. Accommodative and Vergence Disorders: Restoring Balance to a Distressed
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JE, Cohen E. Rehabilitation techniques for binocular dysfunction.
Philadelphia: Pennsylvania College of Optometry, 1975.
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MW: Optometric assessment of visual efficiency problems. In: Scheiman MM,
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Schor
CM, Ciuffreda KJ , eds. Vergence eye movements: basic and clinical aspects.
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M, Wick B. Clinical management of binocular vision: heterophoric,
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S, Infantino J, Cimbol D, Cohen KR, Weseley AC. Convergence insufficiency with
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Stein
JF, Riddell P, Fowler MS. Disordered vergence movement control in dyslexic
children. Br J Ophthalmol 1988;72:162-6.
Stein
JF. Riddell P, Fowler MS. Fine binocular control in dyslexic children. Eye
1987; 1:433-8.
Suchoff
IB, Petito GT. The efficacy of
visual therapy: accommodative disorders and non-strabismic anomalies of
binocular vision. J Am Optom
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Tait
EF. Accommodative convergence. Am
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Vaegan
JL. Convergence and divergence show longer and sustained improvement after
short isometric exercise. Am J Optom Physiol Opt 1979;56:23-33.
Vaegan
JL, McMonnies C. Clinical vergence training. Aust J Optom 1979;62:28-36.
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JL. Convergence and divergence show large and sustained improvement after
short isometric exercise. Am J Op- tom Physiol Opt 1979;56:23-33.
Wick
B. Vision therapy for nonstrabismic patients.
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RM, Pierce JR, Keddington J. Effectiveness of optometric vision therapy.
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Accommodation
Disorders (Focusing)
Allen MJ.
Accommodative rock via computer. J Am Optom Assoc 1988,Aug;59(8):610-13.
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